1. The Mole Avogadro's Number And Stoichiometry
2. Mole In Avogadro's Number
3. Avogadro's Number How To Use
4. Dividing By Avogadro's Number

A mole is a quantity that contains 6.02.10 23 atoms, molecules and ions. Avogadro’s number is the number of particles in a mole 6.02.10 23. The mole (or mol) represents a certain number of objects. The amount of a substance that contains the same number of entities as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12.

Mole, standard unit (6.02214076 x 10^23) in chemistry for measuring large quantities of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, or other specified particles. The number of units in a mole also bears the name Avogadro’s number, or Avogadro’s constant, in honor of the Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro. National Mole Day site Avogadro's number NA = 6.02 × 10 23, like any pure number, is dimensionless. However, it also defines the mole, so we can also express NA as 6.02 × 1023 mol–1; in this form, it is properly known as Avogadro's constant.

Skills to Develop

Make sure you thoroughly understand the following essential ideas:

Avogadro proposed his hypothesis in 1811. At that time there was no data at all on the number of particles in a mole, or an agreement on any atomic weights or the standard. The first measurements which could give an approximate value for Avogadro's number were observations of brownian motion by Robert Brown in 1827. Avogadro's Number (Mole) - Numberphile - YouTube. Avogadro's Number (Mole) - Numberphile. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try.

• Define Avogadro's number and explain why it is important to know.
• Define the mole. Be able to calculate the number of moles in a given mass of a substance, or the mass corresponding to a given number of moles.
• Define molecular weight, formula weight, and molar mass; explain how the latter differs from the first two.
• Be able to find the number of atoms or molecules in a given weight of a substance.
• Find the molar volume of a solid or liquid, given its density and molar mass.
• Explain how the molar volume of a metallic solid can lead to an estimate of atomic diameter.

The chemical changes we observe always involve discrete numbers of atoms that rearrange themselves into new configurations. These numbers are HUGE— far too large in magnitude for us to count or even visualize, but they are still numbers, and we need to have a way to deal with them. We also need a bridge between these numbers, which we are unable to measure directly, and the weights of substances, which we do measure and observe. The mole concept provides this bridge, and is central to all of quantitative chemistry.

Counting Atoms: Avogadro's Number

Owing to their tiny size, atoms and molecules cannot be counted by direct observation. But much as we do when 'counting' beans in a jar, we can estimate the number of particles in a sample of an element or compound if we have some idea of the volume occupied by each particle and the volume of the container. Once this has been done, we know the number of formula units (to use the most general term for any combination of atoms we wish to define) in any arbitrary weight of the substance. The number will of course depend both on the formula of the substance and on the weight of the sample. However, if we consider a weight of substance that is the same as its formula (molecular) weight expressed in grams, we have only one number to know: Avogadro's number.

Avogadro's number

Avogadro's number is known to ten significant digits:

[N_A = 6.022141527 times 10^{23}.]

However, you only need to know it to three significant figures:

[N_A approx 6.02 times 10^{23}. label{3.2.1}]

So (6.02 times 10^{23}) of what? Well, of anything you like: apples, stars in the sky, burritos. However, the only practical use for (N_A) is to have a more convenient way of expressing the huge numbers of the tiny particles such as atoms or molecules that we deal with in chemistry. Avogadro's number is a collective number, just like a dozen. Students can think of (6.02 times 10^{23}) as the 'chemist's dozen'.

Before getting into the use of Avogadro's number in problems, take a moment to convince yourself of the reasoning embodied in the following examples.

Translate. Example (PageIndex{1}): Mass ratio from atomic weights Adobe lightroom torrent.

The atomic weights of oxygen and carbon are 16.0 and 12.0 atomic mass units ((u)), respectively. How much heavier is the oxygen atom in relation to carbon?

Solution

Atomic weights represent the relative masses of different kinds of atoms. This means that the atom of oxygen has a mass that is

[dfrac{16, cancel{u}}{12, cancel{u}} = dfrac{4}{3} ≈ 1.33 nonumber]

as great as the mass of a carbon atom.

Example (PageIndex{2}): Mass of a single atom

The absolute mass of a carbon atom is 12.0 unified atomic mass units ((u)). How many grams will a single oxygen atom weigh?

Solution

The absolute mass of a carbon atom is 12.0 (u) or

[12,cancel{u} times dfrac{1.6605 times 10^{–24}, g}{1 ,cancel{u}} = 1.99 times 10^{–23} , g text{ (per carbon atom)} nonumber]

The mass of the oxygen atom will be 4/3 greater (from Example (PageIndex{1})):

[ left( dfrac{4}{3} right) 1.99 times 10^{–23} , g = 2.66 times 10^{–23} , g text{ (per oxygen atom)} nonumber]

Alternatively we can do the calculation directly like with carbon:

[16,cancel{u} times dfrac{1.6605 times 10^{–24}, g}{1 ,cancel{u}} = 2.66 times 10^{–23} , g text{ (per oxygen atom)} nonumber]

Example (PageIndex{3}): Relative masses from atomic weights

Suppose that we have (N) carbon atoms, where (N) is a number large enough to give us a pile of carbon atoms whose mass is 12.0 grams. How much would the same number, (N), of oxygen atoms weigh?

Solution

We use the results from Example (PageIndex{1}) again. The collection of (N) oxygen atoms would have a mass of

[dfrac{4}{3} times 12, g = 16.0, g. nonumber]

Exercise (PageIndex{1})

What is the numerical value of (N) in Example (PageIndex{3})?

Answer

Using the results of Examples (PageIndex{2}) and (PageIndex{3}).

[N times 1.99 times 10^{–23} , g text{ (per carbon atom)} = 12, g nonumber]

or

[N = dfrac{12, cancel{g}}{1.99 times 10^{–23} , cancel{g} text{ (per carbon atom)}} = 6.03 times 10^{23} text{atoms} nonumber ]

There are a lot of atoms in 12 g of carbon.

Things to understand about Avogadro's number

• It is a number, just as is 'dozen', and thus is dimensionless.
• It is a huge number, far greater in magnitude than we can visualize
• Its practical use is limited to counting tiny things like atoms, molecules, 'formula units', electrons, or photons.
• The value of N_A can be known only to the precision that the number of atoms in a measurable weight of a substance can be estimated. Because large numbers of atoms cannot be counted directly, a variety of ingenious indirect measurements have been made involving such things as Brownian motion and X-ray scattering.
• The current value was determined by measuring the distances between the atoms of silicon in an ultrapure crystal of this element that was shaped into a perfect sphere. (The measurement was made by X-ray scattering.) When combined with the measured mass of this sphere, it yields Avogadro's number. However, there are two problems with this:
  • The silicon sphere is an artifact, rather than being something that occurs in nature, and thus may not be perfectly reproducible.
  • The standard of mass, the kilogram, is not precisely known, and its value appears to be changing. For these reasons, there are proposals to revise the definitions of both N_A and the kilogram.

Moles and their Uses

The mole (abbreviated mol) is the the SI measure of quantity of a 'chemical entity', which can be an atom, molecule, formula unit, electron or photon. One mole of anything is just Avogadro's number of that something. Or, if you think like a lawyer, you might prefer the official SI definition:

Definition: The Mole

The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12

Avogadro's number (Equation ref{3.2.1}) like any pure number, is dimensionless. However, it also defines the mole, so we can also express N_A as 6.02 × 10²³ mol^–1; in this form, it is properly known as Avogadro's constant. This construction emphasizes the role of Avogadro's number as a conversion factor between number of moles and number of 'entities'.

Example (PageIndex{4}): number of moles in N particles

How many moles of nickel atoms are there in 80 nickel atoms?

Solution

[dfrac{80 ;atoms}{6.02 times 10^{23} ; atoms; mol^{-1}} = 1.33 times 10^{-22} mol nonumber]

Is this answer reasonable? Yes, because 80 is an extremely small fraction of (N_A).

Molar Mass

The atomic weight, molecular weight, or formula weight of one mole of the fundamental units (atoms, molecules, or groups of atoms that correspond to the formula of a pure substance) is the ratio of its mass to 1/12 the mass of one mole of C¹² atoms, and being a ratio, is dimensionless. But at the same time, this molar mass (as many now prefer to call it) is also the observable mass of one mole (N_A) of the substance, so we frequently emphasize this by stating it explicitly as so many grams (or kilograms) per mole: g mol^–1.

It is important always to bear in mind that the mole is a number and not a mass. But each individual particle has a mass of its own, so a mole of any specific substance will always correspond to a certain mass of that substance.

Example (PageIndex{5}): Boron content of borax

Borax is the common name of sodium tetraborate, (ce{Na2B4O7}).

1. how many moles of boron are present in 20.0 g of borax?
2. how many grams of boron are present in 20.0 g of borax?

Solution

The formula weight of (ce{Na2B4O7}) so the molecular weight is:

[(2 times 23.0) + (4 times 10.8) + (7 times 16.0) = 201.2 nonumber]

1. 20 g of borax contains (20.0 g) ÷ (201 g mol^–1) = 0.10 mol of borax, and thus 0.40 mol of B.
2. 0.40 mol of boron has a mass of (0.40 mol) × (10.8 g mol^–1) = 4.3 g.

Example (PageIndex{6}): Magnesium in chlorophyll

The plant photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll contains 2.68 percent magnesium by weight. How many atoms of Mg will there be in 1.00 g of chlorophyll?

Solution

Each gram of chlorophyll contains 0.0268 g of Mg, atomic weight 24.3.

• Number of moles in this weight of Mg: (.0268 g) / (24.2 g mol^–1) = 0.00110 mol
• Number of atoms: (0.00110 mol) × (6.02E23 mol^–1) = (6.64 times 10^{20})

Is this answer reasonable? (Always be suspicious of huge-number answers!) Yes, because we would expect to have huge numbers of atoms in any observable quantity of a substance.

Molar Volume

This is the volume occupied by one mole of a pure substance. Molar volume depends on the density of a substance and, like density, varies with temperature owing to thermal expansion, and also with the pressure. For solids and liquids, these variables ordinarily have little practical effect, so the values quoted for 1 atm pressure and 25°C are generally useful over a fairly wide range of conditions. This is definitely not the case with gases, whose molar volumes must be calculated for a specific temperature and pressure.

Example (PageIndex{7}): Molar Volume of a Liquid

Methanol, CH₃OH, is a liquid having a density of 0.79 g per milliliter. Calculate the molar volume of methanol.

Solution

The molar volume will be the volume occupied by one molar mass (32 g) of the liquid. Expressing the density in liters instead of mL, we have

[V_M = dfrac{32; g; mol^{–1}}{790; g; L^{–1}}= 0.0405 ;L ;mol^{–1} nonumber]

The molar volume of a metallic element allows one to estimate the size of the atom. The idea is to mentally divide a piece of the metal into as many little cubic boxes as there are atoms, and then calculate the length of each box. Assuming that an atom sits in the center of each box and that each atom is in direct contact with its six neighbors (two along each dimension), this gives the diameter of the atom. The manner in which atoms pack together in actual metallic crystals is usually more complicated than this and it varies from metal to metal, so this calculation only provides an approximate value.

Example (PageIndex{8}): Radius of a Strontium Atom

The density of metallic strontium is 2.60 g cm^–3. Use this value to estimate the radius of the atom of Sr, whose atomic weight is 87.6.

The Mole Avogadro's Number And Stoichiometry

Solution

Mole In Avogadro's Number

The molar volume of Sr is:

[dfrac{87.6 ; g ; mol^{-1}}{2.60; g; cm^{-3}} = 33.7; cm^3; mol^{–1}]

The volume of each 'box' is'

[dfrac{33.7; cm^3 mol^{–1}} {6.02 times 10^{23}; mol^{–1}} = 5.48 times 10^{-23}; cm^3]

The side length of each box will be the cube root of this value, (3.79 times 10^{–8}; cm). The atomic radius will be half this value, or

[1.9 times 10^{–8}; cm = 1.9 times 10^{–10}; m = 190 pm]

Note: Your calculator probably has no cube root button, but you are expected to be able to find cube roots; you can usually use the x^y button with y=0.333. You should also be able estimate the magnitude of this value for checking. The easiest way is to express the number so that the exponent is a multiple of 3. Take (54 times 10^{-24}), for example. Since 3³=27 and 4³ = 64, you know that the cube root of 55 will be between 3 and 4, so the cube root should be a bit less than 4 × 10^–8.

So how good is our atomic radius? Standard tables give the atomic radius of strontium is in the range 192-220 pm.

Contributors

• Stephen Lower, Professor Emeritus (Simon Fraser U.) Chem1 Virtual Textbook

Mole and Avogadro’s Number

The chemical changes observed in any reaction involve the rearrangement of billions of atoms. It is impractical to try to count or visualize all these atoms, but scientists need some way to refer to the entire quantity. They also need a way to compare these numbers and relate them to the weights of the substances, which they can measure and observe. The solution is the concept of the mole, which is very important in quantitative chemistry.

Avogadro’s Number

Amadeo Avogadro first proposed that the volume of a gas at a given pressure and temperature is proportional to the number of atoms or molecules, regardless of the type of gas. Although he did not determine the exact proportion, he is credited for the idea.

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A mole is a quantity that contains 6.02 *10²³ atoms, molecules and ions.

Avogadro’s number is the number of particles in a mole 6.02 *10²³

The mole (or mol) represents a certain number of objects. The amount of a substance that contains the same number of entities as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12. One mole of H₂O molecules contains 6.022 x 10²³ molecules. • 1 mole contains 6.022 x 10²³ entities (Avogadro’s number). One mole of NaCl contains 6.022 x 10²³ NaCl formula units.

Exactly 12 g of carbon-12 contains 6.022 x 10 23 atoms.

*** There is a new definition of mole available at C & EN article

The meaning and usefulness of the mole: number of moles of elements in a compound can also be determined from the chemical formula. For example,

the chemical formula of water is H₂O. Therefor in 1 mole of H₂O contains 2 mols of H and 1 mol of O from the subscript of the chemical formula.

Mol and number of particles can be easily calculated by using the conversion factor:

1mol
6.022 x 10²³ or vice versa

Examples:
How many atoms are present in 3.0 mols of Ag?

Ans: Since it is mols to atoms, Avogadro’s number is the conversion factor.

3.0 mols of Ag * 6.022 x 10²³ atoms of Ag = 18.067 * 10²³ atoms or 1.8 *10²⁴atoms Ag

1 mol Ag

1. How many molecules are present in 2.93 mols of H₂O?

Since it is mols to molecules, Avogadro’s number is the conversion factor.

Ans: 2.93 mols of H₂O * 6.022 x 10²³ molecules of H₂O = 18.067 * 10²³ atoms or 1.8 *10²⁴

1 mol H₂O

2. How many mols of Hydrogen are in 1.56 mols of CH₄?

Since it is mols from a compound to mols of an element, we will use chemical formula.

1.56 mols of CH₄ * 4 mols H = 6.24 mols of H

• mol CH₄
  4) How many hydrogen atoms are there in 2.50 mol of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)?
• We will use both chemical formula and avogadro’s number to solve this problem.
  2.50 mol C₆H₁₂O_{6 *}12 mols H * 6.022 x 10²³ atoms of H =180.66 x 10²³ or 1.81 x 10²³ atoms
  1 mol C₆H₁₂O₆ 1 mol H

Watch the following video:

Questions:

1. How many atoms are present in 5.5 mol of Fe?

2. How many mols of each element present in 2 .00 mols of the following compound?

Avogadro's Number How To Use

C₉H₈O₄ (aspirin)

3. How many oxygen atoms are present in 5.20 mol of Al2(SO4)3?

4. How many molecules are present in 7.29 mols of the compound below?

5. 11* 10²⁴ molecules are present in a glass of water. How many mols of H₂O are present?

Ans: 1. 3.31*10²⁴ atoms

2.18 mols of C, 16 mols H, 8.0 mols O

3. 3. 77 *10²⁵ atoms of oxygen

4. 4.39*10²⁴ molecules

5. 5.17 mols

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Dividing By Avogadro's Number